Corporate action refers to equity and stock-related actions taken by listed companies that affect stock prices and shareholder positions. Common corporate actions include:

· Dividend distribution (cash dividend or stock dividend)

· Stock split and reverse stock split (adjustment of outstanding shares)

· Rights issue and placement (issuance of new shares for fundraising)

· Share buyback (reducing outstanding shares to increase per-share value)

· Privatisation (transition from a publicly listed company to a private enterprise)

· Company name or stock code change (brand repositioning or business transformation)

Dividend distribution: A company allocates a portion of its profits to shareholders, usually in the form of cash dividends (direct cash payments) or stock dividends (additional shares). The timing and method of distribution are determined by the board and must comply with relevant regulations.

Stock Split: A company divides existing shares into more shares (e.g. 1:2 stock split), where each shareholder receives an additional share for every share they hold. Stock splits are typically used to enhance liquidity and make the stock more attractive.

Reverse Stock Split: A company consolidates multiple shares into a single share (e.g. 10:1 reverse stock split), where every 10 shares are combined into 1. Reverse splits are often used to increase share price and meet exchange listing requirements.
Rights Issue: A company offers existing shareholders the opportunity to purchase new shares at a specific price to raise funds. Shareholders may choose whether to participate.

Private Placement: A company issues new shares to specific investors or the market to obtain additional capital, which may affect ownership ratios.

Share Buy-backs: A company repurchases a portion of its outstanding shares from the market, reducing the total share count and potentially impacting earnings per share. Buy-back decisions are typically made by the board and may influence market pricing.

Privatisation: A company transitions from a publicly traded entity to a private enterprise through share repurchase or collaboration with specific investors. This may occur due to business restructuring, changes in shareholder composition, or acquisition plans.

Company Name or Stock Code Change: A company may change its name or stock ticker due to business transformation, brand repositioning, or mergers and acquisitions. Such changes typically require regulatory approval.